The Science of Interstellar: Wormholes

In the universe as we know it, there are no interstellar planets close enough to Earth that is reachable by man. What if there was a theoretical short cut that we could take that could make traversing the universe more possible for humans? This is what the wormhole theory says. The concept of a wormhole is based on the belief that space time is not in a singular plane like we believe but instead is curved and has folds. Then, there is a hole between two different points in space time that creates a shorter distance between those two points.

The diagram above best shows the concept of a wormhole. The movie Interstellar is very heavily based on the assumption that wormholes are real. In the movie, the astronauts try to find a suitable habitable planet for humanity by traveling through a wormhole. In the movie and in reality, the only way for humans to get outside our solar system and reach another planet is to find a short cut because they would be many light-years away. To put that in perspective, the closest plant to our solar system is Proxima Centauri, which is 12 light-years away, which would take 12 years of travel to reach and that is assuming the person is travelling the speed of light, which is impossible. A more realistic estimate would be if we could get the ship to one percent the speed of light, the trip would take 1200 years to complete. While the theory of wormholes is an intriguing one to think about, there is no hard physical evidence to support this theory.

Class Project

Avengers: Infinity War is one of my favorite super hero movies. It is an enthralling tale of superheroes teaming up to take down the evil threat of Thanos. The more I watch the movie, the more I think about if the film makers are truly capturing the grand scale of the world shattering hits that the heroes and villains dish out. One scene in particular that I want to focus on in this post is when Thanos throws the moon at Iron Man. More specifically, I want to try and figure out how much mechanical energy Thanos would add to the system by throwing the moon.

To figure how much mechanical energy the system has after Thanos drags the moon down onto Iron Man, we need to assume a couple things. The three things we have to assume is that Titan, the planet they are all on, is the same size as Earth and that its moon is the same size as our moon and the distance between Titan and its moon is the same as the distance between Earth and the Moon. The first thing that needs to be calculated is the average force Thanos needs to apply to the moon to pull it down. To do this, we first need to find the average acceleration which could be found by estimating the time that the moon takes to reach the surface of Titan and then dividing that by  the distance between Earth and the moon to get the final velocity before it hits Titan. Then, finding the average velocity of the moon and dividing that by the time, you get the average acceleration. Take that acceleration and multiply it by the moon's mass to get the average force Thanos applies to the moon. To find how much energy that takes, you need to find the work Thanos did to the moon. To find that, multiply the average force and the distance it was applied over (which is the distance between the Earth and the Moon). 

To understand the magnitude of the energy Thanos adds to this system, we would want to find what the mechanical energy of the system is after the collision. The mechanical energy after would equal the mechanical energy before added to the work Thanos did to the moon. The initial mechanical energy of the system is the kinetic energy of the Moon's velocity around the Earth added to the gravitation energy of the Earth on the Moon. When all is calculated the mechanical energy of the system after Thanos throws the moon is 8.49 x 10^37 Joules. To put that into perspective, the world's most powerful bomb ever testing was the Soviet Union's Tsar Bomba and it had a yield of 50 Megatons (or about 2.092 x 10^17 Joules) which means the mechanical energy after Thanos throws the moon is a little more than 4 x 10^20 times bigger, or 400,000,000,000,000,000,000 times more energetic than the largest bomb ever created.

The Twin Paradox

One of the craziest theoretical concept in physics is that of the Twin Paradox. The Twin Paradox is rooted in Einstein's theory of general relativity. It relies on a concept called time dilation. Time dilation says that when an observer in is an inertia reference frame (acceleration equal to zero) and another object is in motion relative to it, time will appear to slow down for the person in motion. The Twin Paradox states that if two twins both started measuring time at the same instance and one of the twins moved around at a high speed and came back, the twin that stood still would have experienced more time past then the twin in motion.

In the movie "Contact", Palmer, played by Matthew McConaughey, explains the Twin Paradox perfect but the movie didn't listen to its own script though. They actually did the exact opposite; when Dr. Ellie Arroway travels ear the speed of light and comes back, she ends up experiencing more time than the people on Earth. If it was reality, she would experience a short amount of time while the people would experience a longer amount of time. If I had to fix the script, I would have her be away for the same 18 hours as in the movie, but instead of everyone experiencing no time at all like in the movie, I would have every person be long since removed from that instant having a couple years passed.

Final Project: Movie Scene

To Bomb or Not to Bomb

Atomic weapons have always been a major source of controversy ever since they were first imagined. The ludicrous amount of power they produce can be scary for most to comprehend. I personally believe that the research and development of such weapons is a great way to further our understanding of the universe and can lead to more scientific discoveries. One great example of this happening already was the development of nuclear power plants. Without the Manhattan Project and the development of Little Man and Fat Boy, the world's second largest producer of energy wouldn't even exists. Aside from fossil fuels nuclear power plants generate the most energy in the planet and that is all due to the nuclear bomb. Who knows what kind of developments could come from nuclear testing in the future.

Warmer Waters: Good for Bathing, Not for Fish

Recently I was watching a very interesting nature documentary on Netflix called Our Planet which shows absolutely stunning footage of natures true beauty while a narrator informs the audience about the life that is being shown. If you have not seen it I highly recommend it. Anyway, as I was watching the show one major theme seems to pop up all the time and that is global warming/ climate change. This seems to be man's largest global crisis right now and it is greatly affecting our planet. In this blog I would like to inform everyone about a part of climate change that many people know or talk about and that is our oceans. Along with many places around the Earth, our ocean's are becoming warmer. This is affecting the life that live in those waters more than most know.

One of the biggest problems facing our ocean's ecosystems is coral bleaching. While only taking up 1% of the sea floor, about 25% of marine species live in coral reefs. Healthy and productive coral reefs are on of the most important ecosystems on the planet. When the ocean's temperatures get too warm, the coral start to get rid of the plants that live within them that help them get food and in turn, they turn white. This is referred to as coral bleaching. Over 1000 km of Great Barrier reef bleached in 2017 and many of those coral died like in the image above. Without coral reefs many of our ocean's species will die.

If you want to see more about the state of our coral reefs and all of our planet's ecosystems go to ourplanet.com. Our Planet is not only a documentary on Netflix informing us of the effects of global warming on Earth but is also an organization run by the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) to try and educate the world on how we can fix global warming.

What is Weightlessness?

The word weightlessness is a very misleading term because, as the name sounds like it implies, it should mean that a person is weightless as in they do not have weight. However, this is not the case. It is a very common misconception that weightlessness means you do not have weight but in reality you are just in perpetual free fall.

Weight is defined in physics as the force acting upon an object due to its mass. Or in simpler terms, weight is a force that is equal to an objects mass times the acceleration due to gravity, F=mg. Weightlessness is not an absence of that force, in fact it is the complete opposite. Weightlessness is when the only force acting upon an object is the force of gravity or its weight.

The force that we perceived as our weight is actually the normal force of the floor pushing against our feet counteracting your weight. When you feel weightless it is actually because of a canceling out of a normal force so it is essentially not acting. This is achieved by having a centripetal force act in the opposite direction of the normal force.

When in orbit, which is an example of being weightless, the force of gravity is always directed toward the Earth, the normal force is always opposite and the gravitational force. Then  the centripetal force is always directed toward the center of the circle as represented in the image below.

So when an object is weightless it is the centripetal force cancels out the normal force and the only force acting on you is the gravitational force. 

Newton's Law's in Motion

Avengers: Infinity War is a fun and exciting action movie that takes place in a universe with many super powered heroes and villains fighting it out in battles of phenomenal scale. What the lack in realistic physics and proper application of physical laws, they make up for with cool visuals and ridiculous feats. I would give Infinity War a NR for its obvious ties to comic book physics and ignorance of actual physics. 

Newton's 1st Law

Sir Isaac Newton's first law of motion states that an object in motion will continue in that motion forever until acted upon by an outside force. A perfect example of this principle being ignored in Infinity War comes right at the beginning of the film. When Thanos destroys the ship with all the Asgardians on board there is quite a large explosion. With an explosion of that magnitude debris (like Thor who was inside the ship when it exploded) would be hurled away from the spot of the explosion at a non zero velocity. When the Guardians find Thor though, he is just floating around where the ship was with no real noticeable velocity. By looking at the motion of objects in the background and comparing it to Thor it seems that the perceived motion of Thor is coming from the motion of the Guardian's ship, and not from Thor. In reality, the debris that was flung into space, like Thor, should be a ways away from the spot of the explosion because it would not have any outside forces stopping its motion so it should travel in a straight line away from the wreck at the speed the explosion set it at. 

Newton's 2nd Law 

Newton's second law of motion states that if there is an acceleration of on object with mass, then there must be a force applied to it to cause the acceleration. The biggest disregard for this law in the film is how Ebony Maw and Doctor Strange just levitate in the air without any sort of thrust upward. For them to float they would need to supply a force greater than and in the opposite direction to their gravitation force to lift themselves off the ground and then a force equal to their weight while in the air. Neither of these magicians supply any sort of visible force to allow them to float in mid-air but the movie just looks past that and allows them to do it anyway.

Newton's 3rd Law

Newton's third law of motion states that every force exerts a force with equal magnitude but in the opposite direction to the original force. One moment where this seemed to be ignored in Infinity War is when Thanos pulls one of Titan's moons and throws it at Iron Man. While the movie shows Thanos pulling and exerting a force to pull the moon downward, there is not indication of Thanos having an equal and opposite force acting against him. If there was an equal and opposite force, he would either be flung from the surface of Titan or if he was anchored enough, Titan would shift toward the moon. 

Armageddon Destroyer: The Kinetic Impactor

In the movie Armageddon, a huge asteroid is heading toward Earth which would end all life as we know it. NASA's only solution is to send the best oil drilling team in the world to drill into the huge rock and blow it up from the inside. While this may sound like a far fetched science fiction scenario, NASA has been looking into solutions if this same situation actually happened.

NASA's solution to an asteroid collision with Earth is known as the Kinetic Impactor Mission. As the name implies, it intends to use the object's momentum against it. The plan would be to send an object at the asteroid with enough speed to deflect it out away from Earth. The impactor would hit the asteroid off center to try and guide the object past Earth.

According to the National Academy of Sciences, the Kinetic Impactor Mission would require a significant amount of time as a warning before the asteroid hit to prepare the impactor. If the asteroid is a smaller asteroid, it is estimated that we would need 1-2 years notice to design, build, and launch the impactor with enough time to guide the asteroid away. For larger asteroids though, it is estimated that it could require a 20 year warning to be able to safely protect Earth.

Eraser

The film "Eraser" details the story of a Witness protection agent named John Kruger, player by Arnold Schwarzenegger, who fakes the death of the people he is assigned to protect and gives them fake identities to keep them safe from those who are trying to harm them. This is how he earned to nickname "the Eraser." After he learns about the illegal arms sale of handheld rail guns, he does everything he can to stop take down the sale and find who is responsible.

In the scene above, Kruger picks up the rail guns that were supposed to be sold to a terrorist organization and used it against them. While Arnold holding two rail guns firing them at the same time is a cool scene and an awesome action piece, one has to wonder, "Could Arnold Schwarzenegger even hold and fire those guns?"

In the film they say that the rail gun fires projectiles "the speed of light", which in it self is impossible due to the theory of general relativity. Assuming that the projectiles could move at a velocity equal to the speed of light and that the projectiles have an equal mass to the standard 5.56 bullet (62 grams), we could calculate the momentum at which the bullet has and how that momentum affects the shooter (Arnold Schwarzenegger). The momentum of the bullet should be the same magnitude but opposite direction of Kruger's momentum.

mv = rail gun
mv = Kruger

mv = mv
(.062 kg)(3 * 10^8 m/s) = 114 kg * v
1.86 * 10^7 kgm/s = 114 kg * v
v = 163,158 m/s

As shown in the equation above, after firing the rail gun, John Kruger should fly backwards at a velocity of over 160,000 m/s which is over 14 times faster than the escape velocity of earth.

In conclusion, not only would it be physically impossible for a hand held battery to produce enough energy to accelerate an object to the speed of light, but firing such rail gun that could would destroy anything that tried to fire it, and Kruger was shooting two at the same time. Due to these facts I give Eraser an NR rating. There is a blatant disregard for physical principles and concepts with the rail guns in the movie.

Mission Impossible III

In the film Mission Impossible III, Ethan Hunt (played by Tom Cruise) seeks vengeance for his pupil by taking out Owen Davian but ends up uncovering a bigger threat to global security in the process.

Scene 1: Shanghai Rope Swing
In the film Ethan Hunt swings between two buildings using a rope to gain access to the roof of a lower building. After the rope had let out all of its length it becomes taut and violently jerks his body. The main question going through many viewers minds after this scene is could he even survive that much force. There are only three main measurements needed to make to see if he could survive the jump.
Gravitational acceleration: 9.80 meter per square second or 32 ft per square second
His weight: 67 kg or 148 lbs
Time of fall: >10 seconds (beginning of jump scene is in slow motion so it is hard to pin down the exact time of the fall)
What amount of force a human body can withstand: about 5g's before passing out (>70 to kill a person)

Scene 2: Bridge Jump
After the drone blows up a chunk of a bridge, Ethan Hunt has to run and jump over a the gap that formed but could he physically do it? To figure this out one would need to know:
His sprint speed: >28 mph or  > 11 m/s
Angle at which he jumped: >30 degrees (estimate off of re-watching the clip)
Length of the gap: ~15 ft or ~5 meters

Scene 3: Building Base Jump
In an escape effort Ethan base jumps from a building and ends up pulling his parachute late so would he be able to survive the fall? To find this one would need to know:
The minimum height to safely pull a parachute: 2000 ft or 610 meters
How height Ethan was when he starts falling the second time: ~20 stories or 200 ft or 61 meter

Overall I give this film a rating of RP

The Big Test

Dr. Fragile